At the end of the conflict, two completely different realities coexisted in Italy. In the south, the fall of fascism and the coming of Allied troops had not determined large or prolonged destructive clashes,a substantial continuity between past and present had prevailed. In the centre north, instead, the hardness and duration of the twenty-month German occupation, armed clashes, city bombings and the emerging of a popular movement against the Nazi, had resulted in a radical break with the past. This "geographical" division was the expression of a division even wider and more complex that concerned the break of the institutional continuity of Italy. Until the end of 1945 the real control over every major policy decision was exercised by the military government ally, which occupied the whole country. Allied forces strongly supported the growth of new political forces.

In 1943 the Allies had aldready agreed that it would be necessary an istitutional revision in Italy. The methods and the period of this transformation were not specified, but they became one of the key issues of political debate in the new Italian parties. Immediately it was decided that the king should coincide with the activity of a constituent assembly to be appointed shortly after the end of the war. About this issues, however, moderate political forces had begun to differ. In particular, those moderate wanted to distinguish the continuity of the state and institutions, from the drafting of a new constitution. According to their interpretation, fascism was a degeneration but not undermined the goodness of liberal institutions. On the contrary, especially the forces of the left saw a close relationship of the monarchy with the advent of fascism and then, it was decided to attribute at the future Constituent Assembly the task of redefining the institutional form of the state.

On 2 June 1946 Costitutional election were held with the result of a winning Republic. This contributed to the deep division in the country. The republic won on monarchy with 54% of votes and at Constituent Assembly's election prevailed mass parties (Dc, Pci, Psi). The contribute from left side and the freedom in voting gived to electors from the Christian Democracy have been crucial for Republic's victory .